Volume 88, №3

PRIGOGINE THEOREM FOR THE PROCESS OF ROLLING OF A VISCOPLASTIC STRIP
Consideration is given to slow plane isothermal flow of a viscoplastic strip in rolling. Tangential stresses are assigned at the boundary of contact of the strip with the roll and at the boundaries between the flow region and the back and head rigid ends of the strip. A defi nition is provided for possible perturbations of the velocities of travel for special stationary flows of a viscoplastic strip in rolling. Minimum entropy production is proved for special stationary flows with respect to possible perturbations of velocities of travel (Prigogine theorem).  
Author:  V. D. Solovei
Keywords:  slow flow of a viscoplastic strip in rolling, stationary fl ows, possible perturbations of velocities of travel, entropy-production minimum
Page:  561

AEROSOL CLOUD PROPAGATION IN A CLOSED SPACE
This paper presents the results of an experimental-theoretical investigation of the evolution of a cloud of aerosol particles in a closed space obtained by the shock-wave method. It has been shown that the prevailing propagation mechanism of aerosol particles of diameter 1–7.5 μm is convective diffusion. For the considered class of aerosols, the effective value of the convective diffusion coeffi cient in a closed space has been determined.  
Author:  O. B. Kudryashova, N. V. Korovina, A. A. Pavlenko,a,c V. A. Arkhipov, V. D. Gol′din, and E. V. Muravlev
Keywords:  aerosol particles, shock-wave method, aerosol cloud propagation, closed space, diffusion, gravity sedimentation, particle concentration, mathematical modeling, experimental investigation
Page:  568

BINARY SCHEMES OF VAPOR BUBBLE GROWTH
A problem on spherically symmetric growth of a vapor bubble in an infi nite volume of a uniformly superheated liquid is considered. A description of the limiting schemes of bubble growth is presented. A binary inertial-thermal bubble growth scheme characterized by such specifi c features as the "three quarters" growth law and the effect of "pressure blocking" in a vapor phase is considered.  
Author:  Yu. B. Zudin
Keywords:  spherically symmetric growth, limiting schemes of growth, binary scheme of growth, "three quarters" growth law, "pressure blocking" effect
Page:  575

NUMERICAL DESCRIPTION OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATIONS OF A VAPOR–GAS–DROPLET MIXTURE IN A CLOSED CHANNEL BASED ON A ONE-VELOCITY, ONE-TEMPERATURE MODEL
The paper describes a mathematical model and the results of numerical calculations of resonance acoustic vibrations of a vapor–gas–droplet mixture in a closed volume under the action of periodic acoustic waves generated by a harmonically vibrating piston. The numerical method of solving the equations of the model is based on MacCormack′s scheme. The model of equilibrium phase transitions used in the numerical scheme has allowed a chart of regimes of the vapor–gas–droplet mixture vibrations to be constructed depending on the initial vapor content. In accordance with the piston vibration amplitude, the limit of the critical vapor content below which vapor condensation is impossible has been found.  
Author:  R. I. Bayanov and A. L. Tukmakov
Keywords:  resonance acoustic vibrations, MacCormack′s numerical scheme, phase transitions, vapor–gas–droplet mixture
Page:  587

PREDICTION OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POROUS CARBON–CERAMIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS OF THE HEAT SHIELD OF AEROSPACE CRAFT
A procedure for predicting thermophysical and thermomechanical characteristics of porous carbon–ceramic composite materials of the heat shield of aerospace craft as functions of the type of reinforcement, porosity of the structure, and the characteristics of the material′s components has been developed. Results of mathematical modeling of the temperature and stressed-strained states of representative volume elements for determining the characteristics of a carbon–ceramic composite material with account taken of its anisotropy have been given.  
Author:  S. V. Reznik, P. V. Prosuntsov, and K. V. Mikhailovskii
Keywords:  heat shield, carbon–ceramic composite material, microstructure, thermal conductivity, linear thermal expansion coefficient
Page:  594

ON THE LIMITING CASES RELATED TO FLOW PAST A ZHUKOVSKII SHEET PILE
Within the framework of the Darcy′s theory of plane steady fi ltration of an incompressible liquid, two limiting schemes are considered that model filtration flows under a Zhukovskii sheet pile through a large mass of ground underlain by an impermeable base or by a permeable water-bearing pressure horizon. For purposes of analyzing these schemes, mixed boundary-layer problems of the theory of analytical functions are formulated that are solved with the aid of the Polubarinova-Kochina method. Based on these models, algorithms have been developed for calculating a saturation zone in those cases where, while considering the motion of water, one has to take into account the exposure of flow pattern to the combined effect of such important factors as backwater from the side of the impermeable base or of the underlying well permeable water-bearing bed, evaporation or infi ltration on the free groundwater surface, as well as the ground capillarity.  
Author:  É. N. Bereslavskii
Keywords:  filtration, Zhukovskii sheet pile, groundwater, pressure underground horizon, water confi ning layer, evaporation, infi ltration, free surface, ground capillarity, complex fl ow velocity, conformal mappings, PolubarinovaKochina method
Page:  602

THERMAL ACID TREATMENT OF THE NEAR-WELL ZONE OF THE OIL POOL
The problem of thermal acid treatment of the near-well zone of the oil pool has been investigated. We present a mathematical model describing the thermohydrodynamic processes proceeding in the above zone upon its thermal acid treatment with account for the chemical kinetics of these processes. The influence of the temperature on the above processes has been investigated.  
Author:  V. F. Burnashev, É. K. Irmatov, and B. Kh. Khuzhaerov
Keywords:  acid, insoluble mineral particles, near-well zone, porosity, permeability, thermal acid treatment, filtration, chemical kinetics
Page:  610

DIRECTIONAL DIAGRAMS OF THE PARTICLE DRIFT IN A STANDING WAVE WITH ACCOUNT OF THE BASSET FORCE
A study is made of the threshold parametric values at which the direction of the particle drift in a standing wave is reversed, with account taken of the Basset force at different Reynolds and Strouhal numbers. The dependences of the threshold value squared of the entrainment coeffi cient on the relative density of the particle with account and without account of the Basset force are found. The infl uence of the Basset force on the threshold value of the density parameter is investigated. It is shown that account taken of the Basset force exerts a particularly strong infl uence on the threshold curves for nondense particles. The threshold values of density of the particle and of the coeffi cient of its entrainment decrease as the Strouhal number increases.  
Author:  D. A. Gubaidullin, P. P. Osipov, and A. N. Zakirov
Keywords:  particle drift, forces in acoustic wave fields, Basset force
Page:  621

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE THEORY OF SPREADING OF LIQUID-CONTAINING EJECTIONS OVER A HORIZONTAL SURFACE
Based on the shallow water theory, the problem on radial spreading of incompressible liquid over a horizontal surface with account for the presence of vegetation has been studied. Some exact as well as approximate analytical solutions have been obtained that describe various cases, stages, and possible regimes of the process of spreading. A comparison of the results obtained with experimental data is made  
Author:  V. Sh. Shagapov and S. A. Gil′manov
Keywords:  shallow water, spreading, fl ora (vegetation), pool, self-similar solution, inertialess regime
Page:  630

INTENSIFICATION OF THE EFFECT EXERTED BY BUBBLES ON A BODY IMMERSED IN A LIQUID DUE TO THE RADIAL BUBBLE OSCILLATIONS
It is shown that radial oscillations of bubbles can signifi cantly intensify the effect exerted by them on a body immersed in a liquid  
Author:  N. S. Khabeev
Keywords:  bubble, oscillations, acoustic field, hydromassage
Page:  645

GODUNOV METHOD FOR CALCULATING FLOWS OF A ONE-VELOCITY VISCOUS HEAT-CONDUCTING MEDIUM
For a hyperbolic model of a one-velocity viscous heat-conducting mixture, a modified Godunov method with approximate Riemann solvers is developed. Using this method, we studied wave processes in frothing and bubble media. It is shown that the flow picture is signifi cantly influenced by heat transfer processes, which are manifested to a greater extent for bubble liquids.  
Author:  V. S. Surov
Keywords:  one-velocity multicomponent viscous heat-conducting heterogeneous medium, hyperbolic systems of nondivergent form, modifi ed Godunov method, approximate Riemann solvers, numerical simulation
Page:  652

INCREASING THE INTENSITY OF GAS OSCILLATIONS IN AN ACOUSTICAL RESONATOR
A method is considered for increasing the intensity of gas oscillations in an acoustical resonator by choosing the design of the piston, with the power and amplitude of the actuator oscillations remaining unchanged. Numerical calculations for various confi gurations of the piston unit have been carried out.  
Author:  D. A. Tukmakov
Keywords:  viscous compressible heat-conducting gas acoustical resonator, generation of oscillations by a harmonically moving piston, explicit scheme
Page:  661

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUID-COOLED MINI-RECTANGULAR FIN HEAT SINKS
The single- and two-phase models in three-dimensional analysis are applied to study laminar convective heat transfer of nanofluids in a minichannel heat sink. The nanofluids with suspending TiO² nanoparticles of average diameter 21 nm are prepared by ultrasound with a constant nanoparticle concentration of 0.4 vol.% without using surfactants. Experiments are carried out to verify the predicted results. It is shown that the results obtained from the two-phase model are more precise in comparison with the experimental results than those from the single-phase model. The predicted heat transfer coefficients for nanofl uids are higher than those for water  
Author:  Paisarn Naphon and Lursukd Nakharintr
Keywords:  nanofl uids, convective heat transfer, single- and two-phase models
Page:  666

STUDY OF THE HEAT-TRANSFER PROCESSES OF TUBULAR ELEMENTS OF GROUND HEAT EXCHANGERS
In this paper, consideration is given to the efficiency of utilization of the low-potential heat of the ground. Also, the advantages and distinctive features of polyethylene tubes used in vertical tubular elements of heat pumps are described. This paper gives the results of investigation of the heat transfer of tubular elements of ground heat exchangers. The dependences of the temperature distributions in the ground in the vicinity of a tube and the change in the temperature with time in dry and moist grounds are determined.  
Author:  K. Kusaiynov, N. N. Shuyushbayeva, K. M. Shaimerdenova, Zh. G. Nurgalieva, and N. N. Omarov
Keywords:  heat exchanger, polyethylene tube, temperature distribution, ground, moist ground
Page:  676

MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS OF ROUGH TURBULENT-FLOW-CARRYING CHANNELS
Semiempirical approaches to the determination of the average coeffi cients of heat transfer from rough surfaces of channels are considered. The expressions obtained on the basis of the boundary-layer models of Prandtl, Deissler, Hanratty, and von Kármán are given. The possibility of calculating the parameters of these expressions with account for the channel surface roughness is shown. A comparison of the results of calculations of Nusselt numbers for rough channels from the obtained formulas with calculations by the familiar formulas and with corresponding experimental data is made. A generalizing expression for rough channels has been obtained.  
Author:  A. G. Laptev and M. M. Basharov
Keywords:  heat transfer, roughness, hydraulic resistance, boundary layer, turbulence
Page:  681

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF HEAT-CONDUCTION PROBLEMS WITH TIME-VARYING HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
The problem on heat conduction of an infi nite plate with a heat-transfer coeffi cient changing linearly with time for third-kind boundary conditions was solved analytically based on determination of the front of a temperature disturbance in this plate and introduction of additional boundary conditions. On the basis of the solution obtained, graphs of the distribution of isotherms in the indicated plate and the velocities of their movement along a spatial variable in it were constructed. As a result of the solution of the inverse problem on the heat conduction of the infinite plate with the use of the results of numerical calculation of the change in its temperature at any point on the indicated spatial coordinate, the Predvoditelev number was identifi ed with an accuracy of 2%, which made it possible to determine the time dependence of the heat-transfer coeffi cient of the plate.  
Author:  V. A. Kudinov, A. V. Eremin, and E. V. Stefanyuk
Keywords:  heat-transfer coeffi cient, temperature-disturbance front, inverse heat-conduction problem, isotherms
Page:  688

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE STRUCTURAL-LAYOUT SCHEME OF THE MIRROR-SPACE-ANTENNA REFLECTOR WITH A HIGH SHAPE STABILITY AND A LOW DENSITY PER UNIT LENGTH
Problems of designing space-antenna reflectors from composite materials for promising telecommunication satellites are considered. Selection of designs is based on the numerical modeling of heat-transfer and mechanics processes corresponding to orbital-fl ight conditions  
Author:  S. V. Reznik, P. V. Prosuntsov, and A. V. Azarov
Keywords:  spacecraft, mirror antennas, reflectors, composite materials.
Page:  699

ON THE MINIMIZATION OF HEAT LOSSES THROUGH THE EXTERIOR WALL OF A BUILDING WITH A WINDOW OPENING
We propose a method for finding the conditions of minimizing heat losses through an enclosure structure with a window opening with account for the continuous action of climatic factors. An example of calculations is given.  
Author:  A. I. Nakorchevskii
Keywords:  window casing, enclosure, window opening, multiple glass unit, wind, solar radiation, heat flow, heat transfer, heat losses
Page:  706

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH VENTILATED TWO-CHAMBER WINDOWS
A method for calculating the heat transfer through ventilated two-chamber windows with account for the continuous action of climatic factors is proposed. An example of calculations is given  
Author:  A. I. Nakorchevskii and A. N. Nedbailo
Keywords:  multiple glass unit chamber, enclosure, heat loss, heat resistance
Page:  716

MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD OF MELTING THE PARAFFIN PLUG IN AN OPEN COAXIAL SYSTEM
The formation of the temperature profi le in an open coaxial system with a paraffin plug interacting with a microwave electromagnetic field has been investigated experimentally. It has been shown that the temperature distribution in the pipes is nonuniform, corresponding to the standing electromagnetic wave formed in the interelectrode space by the refl ection of electromagnetic waves from the oil pool and the coaxial line inhomogeneities. The presence of paraffin in the interpipe space accelerates the process of melting throughout the coaxial system.  
Author:  M. A. Fatykhov and L. M. Fatykhov
Keywords:  microwave electromagnetic method of melting, paraffi n plug, open coaxial line, temperature, internal pipe, interpipe space, standing wave, experiment
Page:  724

ISOTHERMAL GASEOUS DETONATION MODEL
We propose an isothermal gaseous detonation model taking into account the initial pressure of the explosive mixture that permits describing in a simplifi ed form both the self-sustaining and the supercompressed and undercompressed detonation regimes. The exactness of this model has been estimated on the basis of a comparative analysis with the results of equilibrium calculations of the gas-dynamic parameters at the front of detonation waves  
Author:  E. S. Prokhorov
Keywords:  detonation waves, detonation products, isothermal process, modeling
Page:  730

EFFECT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF A COMBUSTIBLE GAS ON THE LIMITING CRITICAL CONDITIONS OF ITS CATALYTIC OXIDATION
For the case of the cold, relative to a gas mixture, walls of an apparatus and radiation heat transfer, an investigation is made of the dependence of the limiting minimum gas mixture temperatures above which catalytic self-ignition and fi ring of a low-concentration combustible gas on a catalyst particle are possible. The proposed method is based on obtaining the desired dependences in a parametric form. An analysis of the degeneration of critical temperatures and of ignition and extinction diameters is carried out.  
Author:  V. V. Kalinchak, A. S. Chernenko and V. V. Kalugin
Keywords:  catalyst particle, self-ignition, fi ring, thermal hysteresis, critical conditions, degeneration, radiation heat transfer
Page:  737

THERMAL NATURE OF CONCENTRATION LIMITS OF COMBUSTION
An explanation is proposed for the concentration limits of slow combustion of gas mixtures due to the diffusional–thermal instability of a fl ame and the leading role of the thermal effect of mixture combustion. Basic to this explanation are the following experimental facts obtained for a wide class of mixtures: the concentration limits of slow combustion of a mixture and of its detonation are closely coinciding and depend strongly on the stoichiometric composition of mixture; there is an approximate symmetry relation between the upper and lower combustion limits. It is shown that the fl ame temperature of gas mixtures depends on their stoichiometric composition and that as their stoichiometric relation deviates from unity, the state of mixture combustion approaches the stability threshold beyond which a stationary fl ame cannot exist.  
Author:  K. O. Sabdenov and T. M. Baitasov
Keywords:  combustion, fl ame, concentration limit, thermal effect, stoichiometric relation, diffusional–thermal instability
Page:  743

RESULTS OF LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL TESTS OF PERIODIC-TYPE GAS GENERATORS
Results of laboratory and industrial tests of periodic-type gas generators burning various solid biofuels have been presented. The tests were carried out with the aim of obtaining producer gas which could totally or partly replace natural gas in power equipment burning gaseous fuel. The energy and environmental characteristics of a boiler unit burning a mixture of producer gas and natural gas have been assessed.  
Author:  I. N. Karp, K. E. P′yanykh, T. A. Antoshchuk, and A. A. Lysenko
Keywords:  producer gas, natural gas, biofuel, gas generator, gasifi cation
Page:  749

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTIC TEMPERATURE
It has been shown that the physical properties of elementary substances (s elements of groups I and II of the Mendeleev periodic table) are linearly dependent on their characteristic temperature.  
Author:  V. Ya. Khentov and V. M. Gasanov
Keywords:  chemical elements, physical properties, correlation, characteristic temperature
Page:  756

ON THE CORRECTNESS OF INTERPRETING DATA ON DETERMINING THE CAPILLARY PRESSURE IN ROCKS BY THE CENTRIFUGATION METHOD
We have analyzed the common errors made in interpreting centrifugation data with the aim of determining the capillary pressure in rock samples. We propose a method for increasing the reliability of processed data based on the separation of the data set by determining the limiting rotational velocity of the centrifuge corresponding to the attainment of the maximum value of the capillary pressure in the rotating core sample. It has been established that in using the standard centrifugation method it is physically impossible to attain capillary pressures exceeding 1atm. We have improved this method by increasing the initial pressure in the core holder of the centrifuge.  
Author:  A. M. Svalov
Keywords:  capillary pressure, rocks, centrifugation method
Page:  760

A NOVEL CORRELATIONAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATING NATURAL GAS VISCOSITY
A new correlation to estimating natural gas viscosity in wide temperature, composition, and pressure ranges is presented on the basis of 1748 data for eleven different mixtures taken from the literature. In comparison with other commonly used correlations, the average error of the new correlation is found to be 3.56%.  
Author:  Ali Akbar Amooey
Keywords:  viscosity, natural gas, correlation
Page:  769

OBTAINING CARBON DENDRITES FROM THE PRODUCTS OF CONVERSION OF POLYMER MATERIALS
In the work we give the results of an experiment during which carbon dendrite structures were formed in the plasma of an atmospheric-pressure gas discharge by using depolymerization products of polymer materials.  
Author:  M. P. Danilaev, E. A. Bogoslov, O. G. Morozov, R. Nasybullin, D. M. Pashin, and Yu. E. Pol′skii
Keywords:  polystyrene, styrene, microwave field, depolymerization, carbon dendrites, plasma chemistry
Page:  774

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER+InP COMPOSITES
Results of investigating the spectral properties of InP-based polymer composites are given. It is shown that the effects observed in the IR and UV absorption spectra are due to the radiation of the supermolecular structure and to the degree of crystallinity of the polymeric matrix  
Author:  Sh. Sh. Rashidova, M. A. Guseinova, and S. M. Rzaeva
Keywords:  high-density polyethylene, indium phosphide, semiconductor fi llers, composite films, optical absorption spectra
Page:  781

AMPLITUDE-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION FROM GRANITE FRACTURED AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
The problem of stability of underground structures serving to store radioactive waste, to gasify carbon, and to utilize geothermal energy is associated with the action of elevated temperatures and pressures. The acoustic-emission method makes it possible to monitor the accumulation of microcracks arising in stress fi elds of both thermal and mechanical origin. In this report, the authors give results of a laboratory investigation into the acoustic emission from granite subjected to impact fracture at temperatures of up to 600^oC. An amplitude-frequency analysis of acousticemission signals has enabled the authors to evaluate the dimension of the arising microcracks and to determine their character (intergranular or intragranular). It has been shown that intergranular faults on the boundaries between identical minerals predominate at room temperature (purely mechanical action); at a temperature of 300^o C (impact plus thermoelastic stresses), there also appear cracks on the quartz–feldspar boundaries; fi nally, at temperatures of 500–600^o C, it is intragranular faults that predominate in feldspar. The dimensions of the above three types of microcracks are approximately 2, 0.8, and 0.3 mm respectively  
Author:  I. P. Shcherbakov and A. E. Chmel′
Keywords:  granite, impact fracture, thermal action, acoustic emission, microcracks
Page:  786

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